Evaluation is with ABG and serum electrolytes. The ABG directly measures arterial pH and P co2. HCO 3− level reported on the arterial blood gas panel is calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The HCO 3− level on serum chemistry panel is directly measured.

to identify or monitor an electrolyte imbalance or acid-base (pH) imbalance

22-29 mEq/L

The electrolytes with bicarbonate test, also known as the comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) or basic metabolic panel (BMP), measures various electrolyte levels in the blood along with bicarbonate (HCO3-). Here's how to interpret the results: Sodium (Na): Normal range: 135-145 mmol/L Interpretation: Elevated sodium levels (hypernatremia) may indicate dehydration, excessive salt intake, or certain medical conditions such as diabetes insipidus or Cushing's syndrome. Decreased sodium levels (hyponatremia) may suggest overhydration, adrenal insufficiency, heart failure, liver disease, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Potassium (K): Normal range: 3.5-5.0 mmol/L Interpretation: Elevated potassium levels (hyperkalemia) may be caused by kidney disease, adrenal insufficiency, excessive potassium intake, or certain medications. Decreased potassium levels (hypokalemia) may result from vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic use, kidney disease, or metabolic alkalosis. Chloride (Cl): Normal range: 96-106 mmol/L Interpretation: Elevated chloride levels (hyperchloremia) may occur due to dehydration, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, or certain medications. Decreased chloride levels (hypochloremia) may be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, metabolic alkalosis, congestive heart failure, or certain medications. Bicarbonate (HCO3-): Normal range: 22-29 mmol/L Interpretation: Elevated bicarbonate levels (hyperbicarbonatemia) may be associated with metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or renal compensation for respiratory acidosis. Decreased bicarbonate levels (hypobicarbonatemia) may indicate metabolic acidosis, renal tubular acidosis, diarrhea, renal failure, or compensatory mechanisms for respiratory alkalosis. Calcium (Ca): Normal range: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL Interpretation: Elevated calcium levels (hypercalcemia) may result from hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, excessive vitamin D intake, or certain medications. Decreased calcium levels (hypocalcemia) may occur due to hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease, or pancreatitis. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Normal range: 7-20 mg/dL Interpretation: Elevated BUN levels may indicate dehydration, kidney disease, heart failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, or high protein intake. Creatinine: Normal range: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL (for adults) Interpretation: Elevated creatinine levels may suggest kidney dysfunction or impairment. Glucose: Normal range: 70-100 mg/dL (fasting) Interpretation: Elevated glucose levels (hyperglycemia) may indicate diabetes mellitus or stress response. Decreased glucose levels (hypoglycemia) may result from insulin overdose, fasting, or certain medical conditions. Interpretation of electrolyte and bicarbonate levels should be done in conjunction with the patient's clinical history, symptoms, and other laboratory test results for a comprehensive assessment of their metabolic status. Any abnormal findings should be further evaluated and managed accordingly by a healthcare professional.

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