Albumin: Albumin is the most abundant protein in the serum and typically appears as a well-defined band closest to the positive electrode. Its level can vary due to factors such as hydration status and liver function.

Alpha-1 globulins: These proteins include alpha-1 antitrypsin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and others. They usually form a faint band after albumin.

Alpha-2 globulins: Proteins like haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and alpha-2 macroglobulin fall into this category. They form bands between the alpha-1 and beta globulin regions.

Beta globulins: Beta globulins consist of proteins like transferrin, complement proteins, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). They form bands between the alpha-2 and gamma globulin regions.

Gamma globulins: Immunoglobulins (antibodies), including IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE, primarily constitute the gamma globulin region. They form a distinct broad band at the end of the electrophoretic run.

The interpretation depends on the presence or absence of specific bands, their intensity, and any alterations from the normal pattern. For instance:

Monoclonal spike: This refers to the presence of a single, intense band representing a specific immunoglobulin. It suggests the presence of a monoclonal gammopathy, which could indicate conditions like multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS).

Polyclonal pattern: A diffuse increase in gamma globulins with multiple bands suggests a polyclonal gammopathy, which can be seen in conditions such as chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, or chronic infections.

The normal range for each protein fraction can vary slightly between laboratories due to differences in techniques and equipment. Therefore, it's essential to refer to the specific reference ranges provided by the laboratory where the test was conducted. Additionally, the interpretation of the results should always be done in the context of the patient's clinical history and other laboratory findings.