Purpose:
The sodium test measures the concentration of sodium in the blood, which is essential for maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle activity.

Risk Assessment

High Sodium (Hypernatremia):

• Causes: Dehydration, excessive salt intake, certain medications, kidney disease, diabetes insipidus.
• Symptoms: Thirst, confusion, muscle twitching, irritability, seizures.

Low Sodium (Hyponatremia):

• Causes: Overhydration, heart failure, liver or kidney disease, diuretic use, hormonal imbalances (e.g., SIADH).
• Symptoms: Nausea, headache, confusion, fatigue, seizures, and coma in severe cases.

Normal Range

• Adult Normal Range: 135–145 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter).

Interpretation of Results

1. Low Sodium (<135 mEq/L):

   • Likely Hyponatremia.
   • May indicate fluid retention, kidney/liver disease, or overhydration.
   • Requires further evaluation to determine underlying causes.

2. High Sodium (>145 mEq/L):

   • Likely Hypernatremia.
   • Commonly due to dehydration or conditions causing excessive fluid loss.
   • Suggests the need for hydration or investigation of kidney function.

Sample Type

• Specimen: Blood sample (serum or plasma)
• Collection Method: Venipuncture (typically drawn from a vein in the arm).