Normal Range and Interpretation

Color:
- Normal: Brown
- Abnormal:
  - Clay-colored (bile duct obstruction),
  - Black tarry (bleeding in upper GI tract),
  - Red (lower GI tract bleeding),
  - Green (rapid transit through the intestine or diet-related).
Consistency:
- Normal: Well-formed and soft.
- Abnormal:
  - Watery (diarrhea),
  - Hard (constipation).
pH:
- Normal: 6.5–7.5.
- Abnormal:
  - Acidic (<6.0) may suggest carbohydrate malabsorption (e.g., lactose intolerance),
  - Alkaline (>8.0) may indicate bacterial overgrowth.
Occult Blood:
- Normal: Negative.
- Abnormal: Positive could indicate gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, or colorectal cancer.
Pus Cells:
- Normal: 0-2/hpf (high-power field).
- Abnormal: Increased numbers suggest an infection or inflammatory process like colitis.
Red Blood Cells (RBCs):
- Normal: Absent.
- Abnormal: Presence may indicate bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract.
Ova and Parasites:
- Normal: None detected.
- Abnormal: Presence suggests a parasitic infection (e.g., Giardia, Ascaris, etc.).
Fat:
- Normal: Minimal.
- Abnormal: Steatorrhea (excess fat in stool) may suggest malabsorption conditions like celiac disease or pancreatitis.
Undigested Food:
- Normal: Minimal.
- Abnormal: Indicates rapid transit through the digestive system or poor digestion.